Mechanisms.
The pathways peptides act through, and which compounds use each.
Activating the GLP-1 receptor to enhance insulin release, slow gastric emptying, and reduce appetite.
7 compounds
GIP receptor agonismActivating the GIP receptor, a second incretin pathway, usually combined with GLP-1 activity.
2 compounds
Glucagon receptor agonismEngaging the glucagon receptor to raise energy expenditure and mobilise liver fat.
3 compounds
Amylin receptor agonismActivating amylin and calcitonin-family receptors to promote meal-ending satiation.
2 compounds
GHRH signallingStimulating the pituitary's GHRH receptor to release the body's own growth hormone.
5 compounds
Ghrelin-receptor agonismActing on the ghrelin / GH-secretagogue receptor, a pathway separate from GHRH.
5 compounds
IGF-1 pathwayDownstream growth signalling through the IGF-1 receptor and its splice variants.
4 compounds
Adipose tissue and lipolysis signallingActing directly on fat tissue to increase fat breakdown or reduce its blood supply.
4 compounds
Senescence and cellular ageing pathwaysTargeting senescent cells, telomere maintenance, and NAD+ availability.
3 compounds
Melanocortin receptor activationEngaging melanocortin receptors, relevant to pigmentation, sexual arousal, and inflammation.
4 compounds
Copper-peptide signallingCopper-binding peptides studied in skin, wound, and collagen biology.
1 compounds
Angiogenesis and tissue repairPromoting new blood-vessel formation, cell migration, and repair signalling.
3 compounds
Immune and inflammatory modulationShifting immune-cell behaviour and cytokine balance rather than simply stimulating immunity.
4 compounds
Antimicrobial membrane activityHost-defense peptides that disrupt microbial membranes and steer immune responses.
1 compounds
GnRH and gonadotropin signallingDriving the pituitary and gonadal end of the reproductive hormone axis.
3 compounds
Kisspeptin signallingUpstream neuronal control of GnRH release and reproductive-hormone pulsatility.
1 compounds
Mitochondrial peptide signallingMitochondria-derived and mitochondria-targeted peptides in metabolism and stress responses.
3 compounds
Redox balance and glutathione metabolismHandling reactive oxygen species, detoxification conjugation, and cellular redox state.
2 compounds
Neurotrophic factor signallingRaising growth factors that support neuronal survival, synapse formation, and plasticity.
6 compounds
Central neuromodulationPeptides that tune monoamine, GABA, opioid, ion-channel, and social-behaviour circuits.
6 compounds
Myostatin and activin receptor inhibitionRemoving the biological brake that limits skeletal muscle growth.
2 compounds
Relaxin receptor signalling and anti-fibrotic effectsBiased activation of RXFP1 to promote matrix breakdown and vascular protection.
1 compounds
Tight-junction and intestinal barrier regulationControlling how much passes between intestinal cells rather than through them.
1 compounds
SNARE complex and neurotransmitter releaseInterfering with the vesicle-fusion machinery that releases acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction.
2 compounds
Extracellular matrix and glycosaminoglycan signallingSignalling that builds, protects, or remodels the structural scaffold around cells.
3 compounds
Wnt and beta-catenin signallingReleasing a brake on the pathway that drives hair-follicle cycling and epithelial regeneration.
1 compounds
Peptide bioregulators and proposed gene modulationShort peptides hypothesized to enter cells and influence tissue-specific gene expression.
4 compounds