Routes studied in peptide research
Injection, nasal, oral, and topical — why route matters.
Because most peptides are poorly absorbed when swallowed, research and clinical use often rely on non-oral routes: subcutaneous or intramuscular injection, nasal sprays, or topical application for skin-targeted peptides.
Some approved peptide drugs use chemical modifications or special formulations to enable oral or long-acting dosing. This page describes routes studied in the literature for educational context only — it does not provide dosing or administration instructions.
Educational and research reference only. Not medical advice.